In this paper, we estimate the reaction function of FOREIGN exchange intervention in Iran, during 1381q2-1393q4. According to the existence of a non-linear relationship between variables, we used smooth transition regression model. The results of this investigation indicate that the monetary authority intervention in Iran is a function of the nominal exchange rate growth and its misalignment, the lag of central bank's FOREIGN reserves growth and the growth of government oil revenues. According to the tests, the exchange rate growth is an appropriate transition variable in the estimation with the threshold of 10. 31 present. Around this amount, the coefficients follow two different regime structures. The results also reflect the fact that monetary authorities in Iran have shown a greater response to the exchange rate growth after crossing the threshold.

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of the dynamics of FOREIGN exchange reserves management and the structure of central bank INTERVENTIONS on the stabilization of the FOREIGN exchange market using Gerton and Roper theory. For this purpose, first the central bank intervention index was calculated with the FOREIGN exchange market pressure approach and then the intervention function of the intervention policy with the threshold approach (STAR) was estimated based on the annual data of 1365-1398. The results of estimating the linear part of the model show that the variables of FOREIGN exchange market pressure index and budget deficit have a negative effect on the real exchange rate in Iran. Meanwhile, the results of estimating the nonlinear part of the model indicate the positive effect of the growth rate of FOREIGN exchange earnings from oil sales, net exports, consumer price index and fiscal policy index on the real exchange rate in Iran. This indicates that as the growth rate of FOREIGN exchange earnings from oil sales increases, the amount of FOREIGN exchange resources of the country (nominal exchange rate) increases. With the increase of the country's FOREIGN exchange resources, the real value of the domestic currency increases and this is a factor in reducing the real exchange rate and worsening the country's export situation. In fact, in Iran, due to high inflation, governments have always tried to keep the exchange rate low to prevent price increases. The result of this type of intervention has been the inflexibility of the nominal exchange rate in response to economic changes and developments, which can be a factor in reducing the real exchange rate in recent decades in Iran.

Developing the military structure is one of the distinctive features of the Pahlavi dynasty in the 1970s. The Pahlavi government, took new political and security roles affected by some integrated international and internal factors, which rapidly converted into a focal point for the west. The dynasty succeeded in building its military machine. The result was an increase in Iran’s military and political movements and INTERVENTIONS both territorially and extraterritorially, which happened during the last decade of Pahlavi’s reign.The present article aims at surveying militarism and its effect on FOREIGN policies of the Pahlavi government. Subsequently, adopting militarism as an international and FOREIGN policy, imposed heavy expenses on the regime. Its regional consequences, led to rapid FOREIGN policy disintegration of the Pahlavi regime.

The present study was conducted by examining the views of relevant experts and their exposure to child labor in Shiraz. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews and analyzed based on grounded theory. Ten axial categories and one core category were extracted from the coding process. The core category was developed under the title of "institutional passivity and sectoralism". The results of the research showed that the causal conditions such as incompatibility and institutional and managerial confusion, diversity of perspectives to the phenomenon of child labor and non-governmental organizations and indifference towards child labor has caused the emergence of this phenomenon. Intervening conditions include: negative representation and conflicting media activities, Inhibition of some domestic and international rules and laws and child labor of nationals and the problem of identification and identity. This central phenomenon is located in special conditions and contexts due to family pressure and starting the work process in childhood, child labor as an income generating industry, child labor as a source of financial support for the family and the unique opportunity for working children, and Shiraz's oppurtunities for immigrants. The type of encounter with working children in Shiraz has caused numerous consequences that can be seen Unreasonable increase of child labor of nationals, Failure to contain and control the problem of working children, lack of proper organization and social support of working children, Anonymity of working children and persuasion and encouragement of nationals to immigrate to Shiraz.

Studying Iran's FOREIGN policy is one of the most interesting topics among the people and the academic community. This behavior is not specific to Iranians and can, also, be seen among other FOREIGN researchers concerning Iran's FOREIGN policy. Luciano Zaccara is one of the authors who has surpassed her counterparts in addressing this issue and has edited a book on the “FOREIGN Policy of Iran under President Hassan Rouhani’s First Term”. The lack of translation of the book into Persian encouraged the author to introduce the work and critique it in terms of content and form. What makes the book prominent is the participation of some well-known authors in writing the chapters, addressing some areas that have received less attention in Iranian research, such as relations with Africa and the pathology of Hassan Rouhani's FOREIGN policy. Lack of theoretical framework for the discussions, incoherence between the contents of the chapters, and ignoring the scientific neutrality by some authors of the book are among the weaknesses of the work.

The paper examines for the first time the FOREIGN exchange intervention policy in FOREIGN exchange market of Iran. And in this framework, the study designs and simulates the FOREIGN exchange intervention model in Iran. In the first section, the paper shows that the injection of oil revenues directly to economy and also the absence of potent structure of output are inclusively caused the central bank intervention in the form of FOREIGN exchange buying in the market. This directs to high inflation and low output. So, the survey is designed the FOREIGN exchange intervention model in Iran in the form of nonlinear dynamic continuous-time stochastic model. But because there is no exact numerical solution for the model, the paper presents the Monte Carlo simulated model program base on R package.

Aim and Background: Depression is a condition that is associated with severe suffering and major damage to the patient's general health, quality of life, and social and occupational activities, which in some cases may lead to suicide. Depression is one of the causes of disability in the world, which has brought a lot of care and economic burden. Since the burden of care and the economic burden of depression have been reported significantly, it is necessary to consider new ways to understand the heterogeneity of clinical phenotypes in depression. Therefore, this article presents a report to review neuropsychological immunological studies in depression. Methods and Materials: Considering the extent of scientific research in this field, only English and Farsi articles with a neuropsychological immunological approach have been used in the time range between 2015 and 2024 and in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. The keywords used were Neuroinflammation, Inflammation, Depression, and psychoneuroimmunology. Findings: By reviewing the research literature in the field of neuropsychological immunology of depression, this article examined the interaction of stress and the immune system in three levels: 1. Inflammation and depression, 2. Immunological pathways in depression, and 3. The interaction of psychoactive INTERVENTIONS and inflammation in depression. Conclusions: Neuro-psychological immunological studies of depression or the study of the interrelationship between the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems widely resolve the scientific and research gap regarding the relationship between depression and the immune system. Due to the relative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of psychosocial INTERVENTIONS for the treatment of chronic diseases, psychosocial INTERVENTIONS may be a suitable strategy to reduce the burden of disease and improve human health.